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Excretory system
1 GFR per minute in young healthy adult is about@125
2 The effective filtration presure in health is about@15mm hg
3 Which of the following is normal costituent of urine@hippuric acolid, creatine, oxalate
4 A substance generally used for measuuring Renal plasma flow @Diodrast
5 The major source of urea is 6 Glomerulli are located / occupy@dietary protein
7 Diuresis is caused by@Only in the superlicial renal cortex
8 Which of the following is the function of renal tubule selective re absorption, tubular secretion, formation of substances
9 ADH has important role in@Facultative water Reabsorption in tubules
10 Factors controling volume of urine following @water intake, degree of tubular re absorption, dermeability of futer bed
11 Renin Secretation is stimulated by following @hypovolaemia,angiotensinII,sympathetic stimulates
12 Ammonia in the kidney tubules is excreted in exchange for@phosphate
13 The structural and functional unit of kidneys @nepbron
14 The number of nephrons in each human kidneys@1million
15 kidneys receives the blood from@renal artery
16 The glomerulus of Nephron is encased in bowman capsule
17 The modified epithelial cells of DCT near the affrent arteriole is called as@macula densa
18 Juxta glomerular cells of the kidneys secretes.@rennin
19 Normal value for GFR IS@125ml/min
20 Ultrafilters of the nephrons are @bowmanns capsule
21 Glomerular filtration is@passive process
22 During glomerular filtration it filters all @glucose,vitamin,mineral
23 The principal end product of the protein excreated through urine is @urea
24 The presence of glucose in urine is the condition called as @fructos uria
25 The water permeability of DCT & CD is increased in the presence of@ADH
26 Under normal condition which type of nephrons are functional@cortical nephron
27 collecting tubules from different nephrons jointly opens into @duct of bellini
28 Factors affecting GFR@Hydostatic pressure in the glomerulur capillaries, Hydostatic pressure in Bowmann capsule, con. Of Plasma protein
29 Macula densa cells located in@Thick segment of ascending limb of loop of H enle is continued as DCT
30 urine passes through ureter by @parasympathetic tone
31 Facilatory and inhibitory center reflex are locted in @pons
32 Kidneys reicive what percentage of cardiac output@25%
33 Anaemia in chronic renal failure is due to@decrease erthropoitin
34 Plasma clearence will be maximum for@sodium
35 Plasma clearence will be lowest for@uric acid
36 In healthy indivudal usuually GFR is@Between 15 to 20 % of effective blood flow
37 In chroinic renal failure@Plasma poco2 tends to be low
38 The process of urine formation begins with@glomerular filtration
-39 The factor that decreases GFR is@increase in glomerulur capillary COP
-40 The hormone or autacoid that increases GFR is@prostavlandin/brydykinin
-41 The transport maximmum for glucose is about@375mg/min
-42 Large molecules such as proteins are actively absorbed by @pinocytosis
-43 A large part of the osmotic flow of water occurs through the @tight junction
-44 Normally, the percentage of absorption of sodium & water by the proximal tubule is @50
-45 The part of the renal tubule that is virtually impermeable to water is @thick segment of ascending limb
-46 The cells of the distal tubule that reabsorb Na & water & secrete K into the lumen are@principle cells
-47 The cells of the distal tubule that reabsorb K & secrete H ions into the lumen are @intercalated cells
-48 Inhibition of Na & water reabsorption by renal tubules is due to @increase atrial nautriuretic peptide
-49 The hormone that increases calcium absorption from distal tubule is@parathormone
-50 The human kidney can produce a maximal urine concentration of@1200_1400Osm/lit
-51 The process by which medullary interstitial fluids become hyperosmotic is@counter_current mechanis
-52 About 80-90% of the bicarbonate absorption & H ion srcretion occurs in the @proximal tubule
-53 In juxtaglomerular complex, the secretory cells of the distal tubules lying juxtaposition to the glomerulus are called as @macula densa cells
54 In the average human, the GFR is about @125ml/min
-55 The net filtration pressure for glomerular filtration is @10mm of hg
-56 The substance that is newly formed by the kidney & excreted is@ammonia
-57 The plasma clearance value of this substance is used to estimate GFR @insulin
58 The normal value of urea clearance is@75ml/min
-59 Quantity of urine formed in 24 hours in an adult normal individual is@600_2500ml
-60 Substances that stimulate the formation of urine are termed as@diuretics
-61 The mean pH of normal mixed 24 hour urine is about@6
-62 One of the following is an abnormal constituent of urine@albimin
63 Excessive glucose is excreted through the urine in@Diabetes mellitus
-64 The normal desire for micturition is felt when urinary bladder has collection of @50_150ml of urine
-65 The external sphincter & distal urethra are inervated by @pudendal nerve
-66 Cortical center for micturition is present in the@postcentral gyrus_motor area
-67 The spinal centers for micturition are present in the@S2_4
-68 The layer of the epidermis that is thickest at palms and soles and thinnest at the lips is@stratum corneum
-69 Hairs and nails are special otgrowths of this layer of skin@stratum corneum
-70 The precursers of keratin 'eleidin' droplets are present in this layer of the skin@stratum lucidum
-71 Polyhedral cells filled with keratohyalin grannules are present in this layer of the skin @stratum granulosum
-72 Stratum spinosum layer of the epidermis contains@prickle cells
-73 The layer of epidermis that produces new cells to replace those of the above layers is @stratum germinativum
-74 Dermis is made up chiefly of @collageous & elastic fiber
-75 The involuntary muscle attached to the hair to cause the hair stand on end is @arrector pylorum
-76 The ceruminous glands of the external auditory meatus are @sweat gland
-77 The pigment imparting reddish hue to the skin colour more evident in areas having rich arterial supply is -@oxyhemoglobin
78 A cholesterol rich fatty substance secreted over the surface of the skin is @sweat
-79 By the action of ultra-violet rays of the sun on ergosterol in the skin and subcutaneous tissue synthesizes this vitamin @vitamin D
-80 The average quantity of insensible perspiration in the cold climate is about@600_800ml/day
-81 The threshold for thermal sweating in man is@28degree C
-82 The sebaceous glands are totally absent in@palm & soles
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-2) Skin & Body temperature
1 Thermoregulation center is present at @hypothalamus
2 Heat loss in body by @conduction,radiation,convection
3 The averge normal core temprature is@98.0f to 98.6f
4 Heat insultor of our body is @subcutaneous tissue, fat, skin
5 hyperpyrexia is@high fever
6 Skin colour is due to@melanin
7 Sweat gland are@eccrine&apocrine
8 Pheromones are chemical substances secreted by@apocrine gland of skin
9 Synthetic function of skin is synthesis of vit. D
10 What is sebum@secreation of sebaceous gland
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3) biophysics
1 The average PH of urine is@6
2 The osmotic pressure of soluiion increases with the rise in@tempture
3 The osmotic pressure of solution relating to solute molecules depends on the molecules@number
4 Osmosis is opposite to @diffusion
5 The surface tension of solution is lowered by@ammonia
6 The surface tension of a solution in increased by@con.sulphuric acid
7 Bile salts make emulsification with fat for the action of @lipase
8 The process of adsorption is applied in the purification of@enzymes
9 The absorption of intact protein from the gut in the foetal and newborn animals take place by @pinocytosis
10 The water is not expelled by squeezing @inhibition
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4) respiratory system
1 Carbonic anhydrase in RBC forms@bicarbonate in blood
2 The most important muscle of inspiration is@
3 During normal inspiration@intrathoracic pressure fall, intra pulmonary pressure fall, intra abdominal pressure rise
4 The rhythm of respiration @require activation for form pontine Centre, originates primarily form exploratory, persists after both the vagi are served
5 The largest of the following lung volume/capacity is@vital capacity
6 The Herrirg Breurer inflation leads to @Prevents over distension of lung insproch
7 Vital capacity@Is greater in men than women of the same age and height
8 Following are all muscles ofi nspiration @scalenus anterior
9 Surtectant is secreted by@alveolar type II cells
10 About 70% of the C02 entering the blood is carried as@bicarbonate
11 Air taken in or expired out per breath's@tidal volume.
12 TheArterial Co2 is reduced in@anemia
13 lncreased ventilation during the exercise is due to stimulation of @joint proproceptors
14 Pulmonary type II epithelial cells secrete @surfactant
15 In adult humans the total body water is____lits @40_45L
16 Water constitutes ____% of total body weight@60_65_
17 Tissue fluid is derived from @blood capillaries, tissue activities
18 Excess accumulation of tissue fluid in tissues is @oedema
19 Tissue fluid contains all @rbc,lymphocytes,waste products
20 Largest lymph vessel in humans is@thoracic duct
21 Primary lymph vessels in small intestinal villi are@lacteal
23 Lymph can coagulate but slowly @true
24 Substance that increases rate of lymph flowlymphatogogue
25 COT of lymph is ____than that of plasma @lower
26 New lymphocytes are formed in ____of lymph node@cortex
27 Largest lympoid tissue in humans is @spleen
28 Structure of spleen includes @red & white pulp, hilum
29 White pulp of spleen includes@periaterial lymphatic sheath, spleenic nodes
30 RE cells include @tissue histocyte, microglia, endothelial cells
31 RES functions include @phagocytosis,blood cell d antiboxy formation
*32 During normal inspiration@intrathoracic pressue fall, intrapulmonary pressure falls, intragabdominal pressure rise
33 Coughing invove @closure of epiglottis
34 The following can be measure with spirometer @tidal volume, inspiratory reserved volume, vital capacity
35 The maximul volume of that can be expelled out forcufully after maaximum inspirataion is called @vital capacity
36 The lowest PO2 is found in @venous blood
37 Chemical regulation of respiration is maximaly affected by @CO2
38 Hering bruear reflex leads to @increase respiratory rate
39 Cynosis is seen when concentration of@deoxygenated Hb increase
40 A case of restrictive lung diseaases differ from obsructive diseases in having lower @residual volume, vital capacity, total lung capaciyy
41 CO2 is transported in blood@in disslove plasma as bicarbonate, as bicarbonate, in combination with Hb
42 During respiration, the elevation of the ribs causes -@increase in diameter of chest cavity
43 The pleural pressure during different stages of respiration is -@ negative
44 The total compliance of both the lungs together in the normal adult human being is about@ 200mlmcm alveolar pressure
-45 The respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn occurs due to@ lack of surfactants in small alveoli..
-46 The volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath in the adult male is about@500ml
-47 The normal inspiratory volume in an adult male is @ 3000ml
-48 The amount of air that remains in the lungs at the end of normal expiration is called @functional residual capacity
-49 The total lung capacity in an adult male is about -@3000ml
50 Average minute respiratory volume in young adult man is about --@6L/min
51 Normal dead space air in a young man is about@150ml
-52 The respiratory passageways from nose to the terminal bronchioles are kept moist by@surfactant
-53 The surface of the respiratory passageways from nose to terminal bronchioles are lined by @ciliated epithelium
-*54 The afferent nerve impulses of thr cough reflex pass to the brain through@vagus nerve
*-55 The afferent nerve impulses of thr sneeze reflex pass to the brain through@trigeminal nerve
-56 Particle larger than this size can not enter the lungs through nose @6micrometer
57 Phonation and articulation are the two mechanical functions of -@speech
58 The respiratory gas exchange occurs by@diffusion
-59 The air has an approximate composition of oxygen percentage of -@21%
60 Among the gases in the air, the gas that has highest solubility coefficient is @CO2
61 At normal body temperature, the vapor pressure in the humidified air in the respiratory tract is @47mm of hg
-62 Among the gases in the air, the gas that has highest diffusion coefficient is @CO2
-63 PO2 of the alveolar air is@104mm of hg
-64 PCO2 in the alveolar air is@ 40mm of hg-
65 The average number of alveoli in both the lungs together is @300million
-66 The membrane through which the gaseous exchange takes place in the lungs is @respiratory membrane
-67 The total surface area of the respiratory membrane is about -@70sqm
*68 In the average young man, the diffusing capacity for oxygen under resting conditions is about @21ml/min/mm hg
-*69 In the average young man, the diffusing capacity for carbon dioxide under resting conditions is about@400 - 450 ml/min/mm of hg
-70 Normally, the percentage of oxygen transported from the lungs to the tissue in chemical combination of hemoglobin is about @97%
-71 Normally, the percentage of oxygen transported from the lungs to the tissue in dissolved state in the water of plasma is about @3%
72 Each gram of hemoglobin can bind with maximum of oxygen @1.34ml
-73 Under normal conditions, volume of oxygen transported from lungs to the tissues by each 100 ml of blood flow is @5ml
-74 The normal value of utilization coefficient for oxygen is @25%
-75 Under normal resting conditions, the volume of carbon dioxide transported from the tissues to lungs in each 100 ml of blood is @4-ml
76 The reaction of dissolved carbon dioxide in the blood with water to form carbonic acid is catalysed by @carbonic anhydrase
-*77 An increase in the carbon dioxide in the blood causes oxygen to be displaced from hemoglobin is @bohr effect
-*78 Binding of oxygen with hemoglobin tends to displace carbon dioxide from the blood is@haldane effect
-79 Maximum / 70% of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in the form of @bicarbonate ions
-*80 The sensory signals from peripheral chemoreceptors and baroreceptors are transmitted into the nucleus of tractus solitarius through @vagus & glossopharyngeal
-81 The control of 'switch off' point of the inspiratory ramp is with@pneumotaxic centre
*-82 Pneumotaxic center is located in the Nucleus @parabrachial
*-83 When the lungs become overinflated, the stretch receptors activate to 'switch off' inspiratory ramp to stop further inflation is called @hering breuer reflex
-84 Chemoreceptors for regulation of respiration are located in@carotid, aortic bodies
-85 More potent effect of stimulating the chemosensitive neurons is caused by -@CO2
86 Blueness of the skin and mucus membranes due to excessive amounts of deoxygenated hemoglobin is called as @cynnosis
-87 When there are runs of several normal respiration followed by apnoea, it is called as @biot's breathing
-88 Inadequate or decreased supply of oxygen to the lungs because of extrinsic reasons is called @hypoxia
-*89 Hypoxia due to low oxygen tension in the arterial blood is anoxic/arterial hypoxia
-*90 When there is low oxygen content of blood due to deminished or non-functioning hemoglobin it is --@histotoxic hypoxia
*91 Anoxia/hypoxia due to decreased rate of blood flow through the tissue is @Stagnant hypoxia
-*92 Anoxia/hypoxia due to inability of the tissues to utilise oxygen is -@histotoxic hypoxia
*93 Hypoxia at high altitude is @anoxix/arterial hypnosis xia
*94 The type of hypoxia in congestive cardiac failure is -@stagnant hypoxia
95 Oxygen therapy does not help in -@histotoxic hypoxia
96 Sickness that occurs in divers after rapid decompression while returning to normal atmospheric pressure is -@dysbarism
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5) cvs
2 In resting person the carotid body cells are likely to be stimulated in
3 The inter arterial septum is@upper 1/4 fibrous & lower 2/4muscular
4 The sinuses present between aort wall & cups of semilunar valve is called@sinuses of valssalva
5 Normal in the heart@s.a.node generate impulse
6 Defect in the conduction of purkinje fibers is calleds@arborisation block
7 Isometric contraction period is S.A.node is stimulated in@0.05sec
9 Reserve spacemaker is@A. V node
10 Rate of transmission in S.Anode is@70-80min
11 Heart rate os maximum in a normal @foetus
12 Cardiac output is maximally increased in@exercise
13 Stimulation of baroreceptors leads to@decrease in BP d heart rate
14 Fibres of A-V junction are @conduct impulse rapidly
15 The P-wave of the ECG occurs@at the begining of atial contraction
16 Heart rate is accelerated by all of the following @inspiration,exercise,anger
17 During exercise, the blood flow is decreased in all @cutaneous circulation, hepatosplanchnic circulation, renal circulation
18 During cardiac cycle immediatly after closure of AV valve there is@isometric contraction
19 The closure of AV vavle is intitiated by@backward flow of blood during venticular contraction
20 Cardic index is cardic output@per unit surface area
21 Chemorecptor stimulation leads to@rise in blood pressure
22 The first heart sound is mainly due to@closure of AV valve
23 If the normal cardiac output is doubled, pulmonary artery pressrure apoximetly@normal
24 Process of repolarization is best demonstrated by @T-wave
*25 In coronary diseases existence of current of injury means@ischemia
26 Anoxia will lead to local@ artriolar dilation
27 Under basal condition about 70% blood volume is found in@large veins
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heamatology
1 E.S.R. increased with @autoimmune disease, anemia, lymphoma
2 The iron present in the haem is stored in body @ferritin,haemosiderin
3 Leucopenia means@decrease in the WBC count below 4k cumm
4 Agglutinogens present in RBC of 'O' group is @O
5 Synthesis of haemoglobin in@RBC in bone marrow
*6 Failure function of bone marrow, anaemia produced is called @aplastic anemia
7 Which of the following is true about spleen@has outer covering capsule with peritoneum, function are reserviour of blood, blood circulation is slowest circulation
8 In classical Haemophilia@bleeding time increases
9 Carbonic anhydrase in RBC forms@bicarbonate in blood
10 Formation of RBC utilities @Fe,Cu,Cobalt
11 Intravascular clotting is prevented by @ circulating heparin, 12 Anaemia due to maturation defect is@mjcrocytic anemia
13 Agglutinogens present in serum of AB blood group @neighter alpha&beta
14 Arneth Index is term related to @neutrophils
15 Leukamia means@maligant disease with increased number of immature Wbc in blood
16 Platets formed/developed from@colony forming unit vell Meg-CF
17 Synthesis of Hb requires @first class protein
18 In a person with type '0' blood, what type or types of aglutinins are present in plasmaaboth alpha&beta
19 Macrophages are the mature form of @monocytes
20 Blood volume can be measured by@evans blue, radiolabbelled plasma, radiolabbelled chromium
21 Arneth count is counting of@lobesinneutrophils
22 Anaemia due to maturation defect is @normocytic anemia
23 Iron absorption from gut is@ independent of iron store in the body
24 Cells in blood include @RBC,WBC,Platelets
25 Blood is slightlyaalkaline
26 Functions of blood include all @transport of respiratory gases, transport of nutrition, defective action
27 Ratio of RBC to plasma is@hematocrit vvalue
28 The liquid that remains behind after blood clotting is @serum
29 Plasma volume varies between@45-55%
30 Specific gravity of blood varies between @1.048_1.066
31 Specific gravity of blood rises in case of @decrease water intake, inflammation, excessive aweating
32 Plasma proteins include all @albumin-4.7, globulin-2.3, fibrinogen_0.3
33 ____is most imp for maintaining COT@albumin
34 ____are imp for bld clotting@fibrinogen,prothrombin
35 ESR increases in all@ rise in Ow, rise in cholesterol, rise in fibrinogen
36 PH of blood varies between@7.36-7.45
37 Bld clotting factor no 8 is_____factor @antihaemophilic
38 _____ is imp cofactor in bld clotting @calcium
39 Lack of clotting factor no 8 causes @haemophilia
40 Intravascular coagulation is known as @thrombosis
41 Blood volume increases in @pregnancy,muscular exercise, emotional excitement
42 In adults bld cells are actively produced by @red bone marrow
43 Mature RBC is @biconcave
44 Normal RBC count in adults is_____mill/mm3 bld@4.5-5.5
*45 Deviation from normal shape in RBC is called@poikilocytosis
*46 Deviation from normal size in RBC is called @anisochtosis
47 RBC larger than normal size are called amacrocytes
48 RBC smaller than normal size are calledamicrocytes
49 Hemoglobin first appears in___stage of erythropoiesis @intermediate normoblast
50 Total time required for erythropoiesis is___days @9days
51 Proerythroblast is also known as @megaloblast
52 Life span of RBC is_____days @120days
53 Pigments made from RBC degradation are@bilirubin,biliverdin,stercoobilinogen,urobilinogen
54 Iron in hemoglobin is in ____ form @ferrous
55 Haem contains 4 ____groups @pyrrole
56 Hemoglobin can be estimated by___method @sahli,gower,spectrophotometer
57 Iron is stored in human body as ____@ferritin,hemosiderin
58 Mean diameter of RBC is_____@7.2microns
59 Mean thickness of RBC is_____@2.2microns
60 In thalassemia RBC contain____type of hemoglobin@F
61 Failure of bone marrow results in___anaemia @aplastic
62 Deficiency of RBC in blood causes@anemia
63 Increase in number of RBC is known as@polycythemia
* 64 Pernicious anaemia is also known as_____anaemia@addison's & megaloblastic
65 In iron deficiency anaemia RBC are @microcytic,hypochromic
66 Breakdown of RBC is called@haemolysis
67 All is true about WBC @nucleated,,amoeboid,colorless,type:GBEN&MLA
68 Normal WBC count in adults is_____/mm3 bld @4_11K
9 Neutrophils are____ lobed @2-7
70 Most numerous WBC in adult bld are ____ @neutrophil
71.neutrophil are classified by @arneth index & schilling index
72 Largest WBC in circulation are@monocytes
73 Antibody formation is function of @lymphocytes
74 Malignant disease of 1 or more variety of WBC is@leukemia
75 Average life span of platelets is____days @5-9 xays
76 Normal platelet count varies between____@2.5-4.5 lac/mm3 bld
77 Contractile protein of platelets is@thrombosthenin
78 Decrease in platelet count results in___@purpura
79 Antibodies are ____ in nature @globin
80 Immunity is defence mechanism against @micro organis, foreign protein, toxin
81 Blood banks store blood in @ACD solution
82 Bld transfusion in indicated in the following condition@haemorrhage,shock,coal gas poisoning
83 Bld group agglutinogens are present in@RSC
84 Bld group agglutinins are present in @plasma
85 AB bld group is universal____ @recipent
86 O bld group is universal @donor
87 ___% of Indians are Rh +ve @95%
88 Rh +ve means presence of ___antigen@D- antigen
89 Erythroblastosis foetalis is seen in_____mother @Rh-ve
90 MN bld group is important for______ @paternity test
91 Mismatched bld transfusion can result in___ @hemolysis,jaundice,renal failure
92 Neubauer's haemocytometeris used to count____@RBSLC, WBC, Platelets
93 WBC count increases in all @leucopenia
94 Plasma globulins@Have bigger molucules as compare to albumin, contribute toward viscosity of blood, help in transport of iron
95 RBC formation utilizes @ Iron, cobalt, copper
96 RBCs@are responsible for major part of blood viscocity, carry bemoglobin, non nucleated cell
97 Red blood cell in periphral blood @Include about 1 % reticulocyte
98 Red blood cell @non nucleated, biconcave, disk like structure, contain pigment called haemoglobin
99 During second trimester of pregnancy erthropoisis occurs in foetus primarily in@liver
100 In haemolytic jaundice@Increased amount of stercoblin in feces, Increased amount of urobilin in urine, Increased amount of protein bound bilirubin in blood
101 Anaemia due to malnutrition defect is@pernicious anemia
102 The process where by WBC can squeeze through pores in capillary wall is walls is @dipedesis
*103 Polyctemia could result from excess intake of@cobalt
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7) Special Senses
1 Visual cortex for vision located@on medial surface of occipital lobe
2 What happens to light rays when confrontong a convex lens@converge
3 Refratory index of crystline lens is @1.4
4 Visual acuity is tested with test chart palced at @20 feet
5 Fuction of stapedius is@Protection of cochlea from loud sound, Masks low frequency sounds, decreaseing sensitivity to on own speech
6 Foot plate of stpes covers@oval window
7 Which of the following is not primary taste sensation@pungent
8 The taste buds are present on which type of papillae@circumvallete, fungiform, foliate
9 The odour is sense by@glomerulus
10 The rod in the retina@are rendered by - insensitive by bright
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